A number of studies have looked exclusively at adolescent's internalizing, externalizing, and PTSD symptoms, with a range of findings.In a child welfare population, psychological maltreatment, as opposed to experiencing or witnessing physical or sexual assault, had the most profound effect on youth's internalizing and externalizing behaviors; witnessing family violence had a modest effect only for boys.

Women are 10 times more likely to be killed by an intimate partner.
Three women are murdered by their (ex) husband or (ex) boyfriends each day.
IPV is defined as emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, or stalking that occurs among individuals in an intimate (close) relationship including current and former spouses and dating partners.
IPV is also commonly known as domestic violence, wife abuse, or when referring to adolescents and young adults, as .
Many adolescents fall victim to sexual violence from dating partners or acquaintances.
Data from national samples of high school students find high rates of sexual coercion and/or violence: 10% have experienced ).
among adolescents range from 15% to 40% contingent on the definitions used (e.g., verbal or physical violence versus violence resulting in a serious injury) and populations sampled (e.g., general population versus clinic samples).
Despite variations in definitions and populations, most cross-sectional and more recent longitudinal studies Alcohol and other drug use are also frequently associated with IPV and sexual coercion among adolescents and young adults.
The chapter will conclude with some of the challenges that will need to be addressed to further social epidemiologic IPV research.
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